Four important ways of religious education in THE field of beliefs are inferred in this article through THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including THE root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. THEn, we have benefited from THE inference method to find THE ways of religious education in THE Holy Quran. In THE inferential method, we have reached THE “conclusion”, which is THE method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to achieve THE methods of religious education are explained in THE following. For example, using THE Scriptures directly to know THE right actions is one of THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to reach THE way of believing in THE punishment of deeds. THE achievement of religious education methods through discovering THE nature of religion and explaining THE purpose of education on THE one hand and using THE inferential method as a research method on THE oTHEr hand is one of THE innovations of this research. THE achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational THEoretical model for formal and public education system.

A B S T R A C TTHE morphology of each region is related to its landforms, THE morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. THE presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to THE morphology of THEse areas. THE study of THEse landforms and THE effective factors in THEir formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to THE studies, various factors play a role in THE formation of inselbergs, and THE role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with THE method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying THEm, we came to THE conclusion that THE inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among THE geological formations, THE largest and most diverse inselbergs in THE Safiabad plain are formed in THE mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is THE most widespread in this plain. But THE most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in THE formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although THE extent of THEse formations is not significant, but due to THEir significant resistance to erosion and being far from THEse processes, THEy have caused THE formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in THE plains. THEir resistance to erosion has caused THEm to be considered capable players in THE morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to THEir uniqueness in desert areas, THEse areas are of interest to tourists, and THE economic situation of THEse areas can be improved by attracting tourists. THE prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to THEir studies, THE most important of which are THE studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although THE conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and THEse landforms have given a particular face to THE morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on THEm so far. This research attempts to investigate THE role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in THE norTHEast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study THE inselbergs of this plain. THE entire region was surveyed in 2 years in THE field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. THEn, THE location and extent of THEir expansion were determined. In THE morphometry that was done as a survey, THE minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and THEir distance from each oTHEr were measured with GPS. THE study of THE concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with THE library method. THE maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in THE studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of THEm are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in oTHEr rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in THE same formation have THE same shape. Although THE dominant lithology of THE Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to THE different resistance of its formations, THE height, shape, and slope of THE inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of THE region. THE difference in THEse characteristics has caused THE different shapes of THE land in this plain. According to THE studies of THE most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to THE resistance against THE erosion of THE complete inselbergs.After this formation, THE Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in THE region have formed in it. THE third formation in terms of resistance is THE Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of THE area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to THE different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have THE same morphology. THE inselbergs formed in this formation are in THE middle part of THE high area, low in THE souTHErn part, incomplete in THE western part, and incomplete mushrooms in THE path of THE Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are THE most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to THE Jurassic period, has formed a large part of THE norTHEastern inselbergs. THE alternation of limestone and marl in THE Delichai formations in THE middle part of THE region provides THE basis for THE formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in THE future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in THE norTHEast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of THE morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and THEir detailed study showed that THEir primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in THE Devonian to Miocene period with THE formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when THE tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to THE lithology and erosion of THE inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, THE well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. THE souTHErn inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, THE middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE distance from higher erosion, and THE western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE superiority of blue erosion. AnoTHEr formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is THE second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. THE Shemshak formation is placed after THE Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused THE formation of chain inselbergs in THE norTHEast of THE region. THE most typical inselbergs of THE region are observed in THE thick layered limestones of THE formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of THE world and even in sedimentary formations. However, THE inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionTHE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approTHE contenttent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestTHE authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

THE verse “Spend your wealth in THE cause of Allah and do not let your own hands throw you into destruction and…” is one of THE verses of THE Holy Quran that jurists have cited it in various discussions (Al-Baqarah, 2:195). THEre are many debates in determining THE extent of THE prohibition and how to interpret this verse, although THE use of THE prohibition of casting (throwing) from this verse is not debatable. This paper which has been done by descriptive analytical method, seeks to answer THE question: Is THE criterion of THE prohibition of casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction), probability, presumption, fear with individual criterion or generic fear? This research criticizes THE presented criteria after stating THE meaning of THE verse and presenting THE viewpoints and firstly, THE presented criteria accepts THE generality of casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction), considering THE criticisms of oTHEr views and considering that THE case cannot limit (restrict) THE general and expanded meaning of THE verse and secondly, due to THE fact that rulings are enacted on titles and subjects in Islamic Sharia (Arabic: شریعة, Romanized: sharīʿa) and it is also accepted THE THEory of generic fear that is THE customary ruling for THE destruction of THE person due to THE improbability of jurists’ obligation to personal fear essential concomitants and due to THE recension (THE effective cause) of THE fatwā (Arabic: فتوی; plural fatāwā فتاوی) of jurists in verses such as THE mentioned verse. THErefore, casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction) is forbidden, if it is from THE perspective of custom for THE human race.

How to profoundly change THE beliefs of THE polyTHEists during THE age of revelation from THE denial of THE Prophet (pbuh) to THE certainty of his Message and THE acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. THE order of verses about prophecy based on THE order of revelation is THE reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing THE belief of prophecy in THE lives of Arabs. In THE first stage, THE Holy Quran in THE first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared THE community from THE motivational side to accept THE truth of THE Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating THE key issues surrounding it. THE Holy Book of Quran at THE time of THE emergence of oppositions and doubts (THE second stage) destroyed THE arguments of THE polyTHEists and explained THE prophecy and proved its auTHEnticity from a cognitive perspective in THE second stage by presenting clear arguments. and THE Holy Book of Quran in THE third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill THE goals of THE Massage by explaining THE true position of THE Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize THE Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for THE Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on THE acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

THE Abrahamic religions include THE three monoTHEistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All of THEse religions consider Abraham as THEir ancestor, and THEy consider science to be THE knowledge of THE universe and humanity, which are divine revelations. THE framework of science in THE Abrahamic religions uses three basic concepts: 1) monoTHEism (as a fundamental principle, a single and all-encompassing Divine vision) 2) THE universe (as a divine creation) 3) science (as an all-encompassing knowledge about THE world as THE sign of God). THE purpose of writing this paper is to find THE common principles governing science among Abrahamic religions, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources. THE results of this research is an intellectual attempt to draw on THE commonalities between various Abrahamic religions in THE areas of constructive dialogue in THE field of globalization, based on revelatory and spiritual teachings, to achieve THE unification of THE world, which is one of THE divine promises and is rooted in THE natural foundations of humanity.

THE lack of Quranic approaches in THE production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite THE predominance of THE philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in THE Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that THE capacity of THE method of THEmatic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring THE Holy Quran into THE field of humanities. THEmatic exegesis, according to wheTHEr its subject is inside or outside THE Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing THE structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as THE production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of THEmatic exegesis of THE inside of THE Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of THE general fundamentals of humanities -THE fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use THEmatic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from THE Holy Quran. It is used by THEmatic interpretation exegesis of THE outside of THE Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer THE problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as THE complexity and multiplicity of THE “subject” of THE humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know THE process of THE change of THE components of THE modern of THE conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing THE issue into several components can be shown that THE components are not necessarily a product of THE modern era and can be followed up in THE Holy Quran and can be found up in THE Holy Quran. THE perspective of THE Holy Quran, after that, regarding THE modern subject in THE desired field by THE “combining” of THE results obtained based on THE THEmatic interpretation.

Purpose: Clustering and co-word analysis is a method to reveal relationships and links and illustrate THE intellectual structure of a scientific field. This research tries to study THE intellectual structure of articles in THE field of futures studies in Iran by using THE technique of co-word analysis. Method: THE current research is a descriptive-analytical development with a scientometric approach. THE statistical population is 921 articles retrieved records in THE field of futures studies. Findings: THE findings showed that articles in THE field of futures studies in Iran are often associated with positive growth, and in terms of frequency, THE keywords scenario, Islamic Republic, and foresight are THE most frequent in futures studies. THE findings related to THE hierarchical clustering led to THE formation of 8 clusters in this field, namely "ICT visions", "geographers who love THE future", "knowledge development", " Futuristic higher education", "Future of Religion", "Regional Relations", "Strategic Foresight" and "Heavy Weight of Method". Conclusion: According to THE findings of THE current research and THE high frequency of THE keyword scenario, as well as THE density and relationships of this keyword with oTHEr keywords, it can be concluded that THE scenario is THE dominant approach in futures studies. Also, according to THE resulting clusters, it was observed that THEse researches have a high variety, but addressing THE future in many areas is still neglected.

To optimize tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plant tissue culture condition, THE effect of 13 different hormonal combinations and two explants of cotyledon and hypocotyl on THE regeneration rate of three Newton, Infinity and Defines cultivars were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. THE highest shoot number (11.9 shoots per explant) was obtained for Defines cultivar on MS medium containing THE hormones of TDZ=0.68, NAA=0.1milligrams per liter and cotyledon explant. Plant defense responses against environmental factors are one of THE inhibitor factors of explants regeneration in plant tissue culture. Calcium ion signaling is one of THE primary events and, of course, THE most important event in plant defense response against pathogens, THErefore, THE effect of verapamil as a calcium channel blocker was investigated on THE plant defense response. For this purpose, inoculation was performed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 and based on optimized tissue culture condition. THE effect of verapamil in four concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per liter was investigated in a co-culture medium. Results showed that THE use of verapamil in comparison with THE control sample reduced THE plant defense response. Also, THE use of 50 milligrams per liter of verapamil increased THE amount of regeneration

In some point of view, neiTHEr Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in THE conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in THE deep study of human life from THE perspective of political thought.THE main concern of two thinkers, one in THE 14th century, THE oTHEr in THE 20th century, is THE issue  of power, although neiTHEr of THEm provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show THE place of power and domination in THE political thought of both thinkers by examining THE thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to THE expansion of THE domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing THE opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works